Giving Birth to a Patagonian Red Octopus

We all are known about Octopus, which have 8 legs and no bone. It has a special character that “It can change his color any time”. Generally an Octopus can be found in the deepest position of sea. It’s so much dangerous. If it caught any fish, it is impossible becoming free for the fish. Their eggs much be easier—being naturally contained and all. Not always, it turns out.

A team of researchers in Chile have been on a quest to grow a local octopus species in captivity after it was over fished in the wild. The results were published this year in Aquaculture.

Patagonian Red Octopus is so small. It is one meter long. It is slow glower. Its eggs are also so sensitive. The eggs alone take five months of careful incubation and tending before hatching. And no one was sure the best way to keep these sensitive octo eggs alive.

A team of researchers from Chile and Mexico captured 16 females and 12 males and take them in lab. The researchers put a Octopus in a tank. They let the Octopus to mate and then left the females alone again to lay and tend to their eggs—hoping to glean a few clues about embryonic development patterns and tending tips.

2095 is an average number of egg laid by an female Octopus. At first the egg is 10 millimeters. But in time of hatch it reaches in 14 millimeters. The eggs get many kind of nutrition during hatch. 40% to 100% eggs are lost by the female Octopus. She was only able to hatched 15% eggs only.

Assessing the contents of the egg yolk sac during the embryo development, they found that the octopuses used up just about all of the nutrients before hatching. In particular, unsaturated fatty acids seemed important to regulate membranes in the cold water environment. And, like developing human babies, the octopuses also had “a high demand for DHA to form a well-developed nervous system that ensures predatory skills of newly hatched individuals,” the researchers noted in their paper. Of course, in the wild, almost all of the baby octopuses that did hatch would get eaten up by predators—or would fail to feed themselves enough to grow to maturity.

But the researchers are hoping to learn more from the octo moms to figure out how to keep the hatchlings alive and healthy, at least in captivity.

Breast Cancer!!

Introduction: Science's special section on breast cancer takes a look at the state of research and treatment 20 years after the isolation of the BRCA1 gene

In the whole world breast cancer in most scared able for women.  Women are using tied cloths for a long time or use perfume very much becomes attacked by this virus. A prostitute also can attack. In the ranking the women of Europe, America, Africa and Asia is in the danger line.

The treatment of breast cancer is so complicated. Many women had to die for that although they take treatment. If the treatment can start in initial moment it can finally removed. On the other hand the treatment is so expensive.

When deciding what treatment is best for you, your doctors will consider:

The stage and grade of your cancer (how big it is and how far it has spread)

Your general health

Whether you have been through the menopause

You can discuss your treatment with your care team at any time and ask any questions.

The main treatments for breast cancer are:

Surgery

Radiotherapy

Chemotherapy

Hormone therapy

Biological therapy (targeted therapy)

You may have one of these treatments or a combination. The type of treatment or the combination of treatments will depend on how the cancer was diagnosed and the stage it is at. Breast cancer diagnosed at screening may be at an early stage, but breast cancer diagnosed when you have symptoms may be at a later stage and require a different treatment. Your healthcare team will discuss with you which treatments are most suitable

In our face we show twenty emotions!!

Yeah that’s true.

“I thought it was very odd to have only one positive emotion,” says cognitive scientist Aleix Martinez of Ohio State University in Columbus.

Like him every scientist thought that people could convey only happiness, surprise, sadness, anger, fear and disgust.

He and colleagues came up with 16 combined ones, such as “happily disgusted” and “happily surprised.” Then the researchers asked volunteers to imagine situations that would provoke these emotions, such as listening to a gross joke, or getting unexpected good news.

The team compared pictures of the volunteers making different faces and analyzed every eyebrow wrinkle, mouth stretch and tightened chin, “what we found was beyond belief,” Martinez says. For each compound emotion everyone used the same facial muscles. The team reports on March 31 in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.

This research may be help computer engineer to develop face recognized software and help scientists better understand emotion-perception disorders such as schizophrenia.

Wi-Fi or satellite signal to ENERGY!!

Researchers of Duke University invented a device which cans covert Microwave to Electricity. It can be use in Mobile phone for charging.

It’s work like solar panels. Solar panel convert light to Electricity and this device converts Microwave into direct Electricity voltage. This device can catch any kind’s wave signal.

Undergraduate engineering student Allen Hawkes, working with graduate student Alexander Katko and lead investigator Steven Cummer, professor of electrical and computer engineering, designed an electrical circuit capable of harvesting microwaves.

A series of five fibreglass and copper energy conductors wired together on a circuit board are used by them to convert microwaves into 7.3V of electricity. On the other hand the USB charger only provides 5 V.

Hawkers said that "We were aiming for the highest energy efficiency we could achieve," and also add tha “We had been getting energy efficiency around 6 to 10 percent, but with this design we were able to dramatically improve energy conversion to 37 percent, which is comparable to what is achieved in solar cells.”

“It’s possible to use this design for a lot of different frequencies and types of energy, including vibration and sound energy harvesting,” according to Duke graduate student Alexander Katko, one of the inventors.“Until now, a lot of work with metamaterials has been theoretical."

Map of Brain

LESSON : 2

Mapping the Human Brain

The idea of mapping the human brain is not new. The “father of neuroscience,” Santiago Ramon y Cajal, argued at the turn of the 20th century that the brain was made up of neurons woven together in a highly specific way. We have been trying to map this exquisite network since then.

In fact, scientists in other settings have called the wiring diagram a Grand Challenge of neuroscience in and of itself. It appears on the Grand Challenges of the Mind and Brain list for the National Science Foundation (NSF, 2006), on the Grand Challenges list of the National Academy of Engineering (NRC, 2008), and on the wish lists of at least a half-dozen major scientific fields, from genetics to computer science.

If we are interested in how the mind works, then we definitely need to know the physical instantiation of brains and function, remarked Jeffrey Lichtman, professor of molecular and cellular biology, Harvard University. This effort will require some mechanism to obtain the connectional maps that will integrate anatomy, neuronal activity, and function. Until those are available, the field will not be able to move forward to its full potential.

The challenge is similar, in many ways, to mapping the human genome: We might not know exactly what we will learn, but we have a strong belief that we will learn a lot, commented Leshner.

So why has it not happened?

Because neurons are very small and the human brain is exquisitely complex and hard to study. Eve Marder, professor of neuroscience at Brandeis University and president of the Society for Neuroscience, noted that scientists have been working on circuit analysis for nearly 40 years, primarily with smaller organisms, particularly invertebrates, because their simpler neurological systems are more amenable to study and analysis.

The classic approach, in place since the 1960s, has been simple: Define behaviors, identify neurons involved in those behaviors, determine the connectivity between those neurons, and then excite individual neurons to understand their role in influencing behavior. This approach is called “circuit dynamics,” and it has been tremendously helpful to understanding how these simple neurological systems work.

But as you move from sponges and anemones to primates and humans, each step of that analytical process becomes infinitely more challenging.

As Marder noted, the impediments, until today, to understanding larger circuits and vertebrate brains include difficulty in identifying neurons, difficulty in perturbing individual classes of neurons in isolation, and difficulty in recording from enough of the neurons at the same time with enough spatial and temporal resolution.

In other words, difficulty arose in every step of the circuit dynamics process.

But the key words in Marder’s statement are “until today.” If you look at the three things Marder identified as stumbling blocks, major technological breakthroughs over the past few years have solved or are close to solving each one, starting with a new technique born from the lab of Lichtman: “the Brainbow.”


Lesson 1

How does the Brain work

Lesson 1

Actually our scientists are still unable to give proper description about the working process of BRAIN.

The human brain is perhaps the most complex of organs, boasting between 50-100 billion nerve cells or neurons that constantly interact with each other. These neurons ‘carry’ messages through electrochemical processes; meaning, chemicals in our body (charged sodium, potassium and chloride ions) move in and out of these cells and establish an electrical current.

Rodrigo Quian Quiroga Professor of Leicester Bioengineer University publish an article called Nature Reviews Neuroscience. In the article, Prof. Quian Quiroga and co-author Dr. Stefano Panzeri discuss new methodologies that are enabling scientists to better understand how our brain processes information.

“The human brain typically makes decisions based on a single stimulus, by evaluating the activity of a large number of neurons. I don’t get in front of a tiger 100 times to make an average of my neuronal responses and decide if I should run or not. If I see a tiger once, I run” said by Prof. Quian Quiroga

He also add

“A major challenge of our days is (thus) to develop the methodologies to record and process the data from hundreds of neurons and developing these is by no means a trivial task”.

“Our brains are able to create

very complex processes – just imagine the perfect harmony with which we move different muscles for normal walking – thousands of neurons are involved in this and to determine the role of each is complicated”.

In review paper he discusses about two things. One is ‘decoding’ and ‘information theory’.

‘Decoding’ essentially helps determine what must have caused a particular response (much like “working backwards”). Thus, the response of a neuronal population is used to reconstruct the stimulus or behaviour that caused it in the first place. ‘Information theory’, on the other hand, literally quantifies how much information a number of neurons carry about the stimulus.

He said “together, the two approaches not only allow scientists to extract more information on how the brain works, but information that is ambiguous at the level of single neurons, can be clearly evaluated when the whole ‘population’ is considered”

The review is an asset for anyone involved in the field, as it carefully considers and evaluates the two statistical approaches, as well as describes potential applications.

Working process of AC

We all are know about ac. That it control the heat. But how? lets see that..

Air conditioner (AC) are use to control heat. Refrigerator and AC work in same prices.

Air conditioners use chemicals that easily convert from a gas to a liquid and back again. This chemical is used to transfer heat from the air inside of a home to the outside air.

A compressor, a condenser and an evaporator is the part of AC. The compressor and condenser are usually located on the outside air portion of the air conditioner. The evaporator is located on the inside the house, sometimes as part of a furnace. That's the part that heats your house.

Pic of AC

The working fluid arrives at the compressor as a cool, low-pressure gas. The compressor squeezes the fluid. This packs the molecule of the fluid closer together. The closer the molecules are together, the higher its energy and its temperature.

The working fluid leaves the compressor as a hot, high pressure gas and flows into the condenser. If you looked at the air conditioner part outside a house, look for the part that has metal fins all around. The fins act just like a radiator in a car and help the heat go away, or dissipate, more quickly.

When the working fluid leaves the condenser, its temperature is much cooler and it has changed from a gas to a liquid under high pressure. The liquid goes into the evaporator through a very tiny, narrow hole. On the other side, the liquid's pressure drops. When it does it begins to evaporate into a gas.

As the liquid changes to gas and evaporates, it extracts heat from the air around it. The heat in the air is needed to separate the molecules of the fluid from a liquid to a gas.

The evaporator also has metal fins to help in exchange the thermal energy with the surrounding air.

By the time the working fluid leaves the evaporator, it is a cool, low pressure gas. It then returns to the compressor to begin its trip all over again.

Connected to the evaporator is a fan that circulates the air inside the house to blow across the evaporator fins. Hot air is lighter than cold air, so the hot air in the room rises to the top of a room.

There is a vent there where air is sucked into the air conditioner and goes down ducts. The hot air is used to cool the gas in the evaporator. As the heat is removed from the air, the air is cooled. It is then blown into the house through other ducts usually at the floor level.

This continues over and over and over until the room reaches the temperature you want the room cooled to. The thermostat senses that the temperature has reached the right setting and turns off the air conditioner. As the room warms up, the thermostat turns the air conditioner back on until the room reaches the temperature.

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